The idea is considered a pseudoscience, because at common dilutions, no atoms of the original material are likely to remain. It is illogical that a process of dilution would arrive at a higher potency. There is not enough water on earth to produce the highest homeopathic dilutions from one molecule.
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Potency scales
Several potency scales are in use in homeopathy. Hahnemann created the centesimal or "C scale", diluting a substance by a factor of 100 at each stage. The centesimal scale was favored by Hahnemann for most of his life. A 2C dilution requires a substance to be diluted to one part in one hundred, and then some of that diluted solution diluted by a further factor of one hundred. This works out to one part of the original substance in 10,000 parts of the solution.[2] A 6C dilution repeats this process six times, ending up with the original material diluted by a factor of 100−6=10−12. Higher dilutions follow the same pattern. In homeopathy, a solution that is more dilute is described as having a higher potency, and more dilute substances are considered by homeopaths to be stronger and deeper-acting remedies.[3] The end product is often so diluted that it is indistinguishable from the dilutant (pure water, sugar or alcohol).[4][5][6]Hahnemann advocated 30C dilutions for most purposes (that is, dilution by a factor of 1060).[7] In Hahnemann's time it was reasonable to assume that remedies could be diluted indefinitely, as the concept of the atom or molecule as the smallest possible unit of a chemical substance was just beginning to be recognized. We now know that the greatest dilution that is reasonably likely to contain one molecule of the original substance is 12C, if starting from 1 mole of original substance.
Some homeopaths developed a decimal scale (D or X), diluting the substance to ten times its original volume each stage. The D or X scale dilution is therefore half that of the same value of the C scale; for example, "12X" is the same level of dilution as "6C". Hahnemann never used this scale but it was very popular throughout the 19th century and still is in Europe. This potency scale appears to have been introduced in the 1830s by the American homeopath, Constantine Hering.[8] In the last ten years of his life, Hahnemann also developed a quintamillesimal (Q) or LM scale diluting the drug 1 part in 50,000 parts of diluent.[9] A given dilution on the Q scale is roughly 2.35 times its designation on the C scale. For example a remedy described as "20Q" has about the same concentration as a "47C" remedy.[10]
Potencies of 1000c and above are usually labelled with Roman numeral M and with the centesimal 'c' indicator implied (since all such high potencies are centesimal dilutions): 1M = 1000c; 10M = 10,000c; CM = 100,000c; LM (which would indicate 50,000c) is typically not used due to confusion with the LM potency scale.
The following table is a synopsis comparing the X and C dilution scales and equating them by equivalent dilution. However, the homeopathic understanding of its principles is not explained by dilution but by "potentisation", hence one can not assume that the different potencies can be equated based on equivalence of dilution factors.
X Scale | C Scale | Ratio | Note |
---|---|---|---|
1X | — | 1:10 | described as low potency |
2X | 1C | 1:100 | called higher potency than 1X by homeopaths |
6X | 3C | 10−6 | |
8X | 4C | 10−8 | allowable concentration of arsenic in U.S. drinking water[11] |
12X | 6C | 10−12 | |
24X | 12C | 10−24 | Has a 60% probability of containing one molecule of original material if one mole of the original substance was used. |
26X | 13C | 10−26 | If pure water was used as the diluent, no molecules of the original solution remain in the water. |
60X | 30C | 10−60 | Dilution advocated by Hahnemann for most purposes: on average, this would require giving two billion doses per second to six billion people for 4 billion years to deliver a single molecule of the original material to any patient. |
400X | 200C | 10−400 | Dilution of popular homeopathic flu remedy Oscillococcinum |
Note: the "X scale" is also called "D scale". 1X = 1D, 2X = 2D, etc. |
The problem of homeopathic dilution
Serial dilution of a solution results, after each dilution step, in fewer molecules of the original substance per litre of solution. Eventually, a solution will be diluted beyond any likelihood of finding a single molecule of the original substance in a litre of the total dilution product.The molar limit
If one begins with a solution of 1 mol/L of a substance, the 10-fold dilution required to reduce the number of molecules to less than one per litre is 1 part in 1×1024 (24X or 12C) since:- 6.02×1023/1×1024 = 0.6 molecules per litre
Analogies
Critics and advocates of homeopathy alike commonly attempt to illustrate the dilutions involved in homeopathy with analogies. The high dilutions characteristically used are often considered to be the most controversial and implausible aspect of homeopathy.1 bottle of poison in Lake Geneva
Hahnemann is reported[by whom?] to have joked that a suitable procedure to deal with an epidemic would be to empty a bottle of poison into Lake Geneva, if it could be shaken 60 times.[citation needed]1 Pinch of salt in the Atlantic Ocean
One example given is that 12C solution is equivalent to a "pinch of salt in both the North and South Atlantic Oceans", which is approximately correct.[12]1/3 of a drop in all the waters of the Earth
One third of a drop of some original substance diluted into all the water on earth would produce a remedy with a concentration of about 13C.[13][14]Duck liver 200C in the entire observable Universe
A popular homeopathic treatment for the flu is a 200C dilution of duck liver, marketed under the name Oscillococcinum. As there are only about 1080 atoms in the entire observable universe, a dilution of one molecule in the observable universe would be about 40C. Oscillococcinum would thus require 10320 more universes to simply have one molecule in the final substance.[15]Swimming pool
Another illustration of dilutions used in common homeopathic remedies involves comparing a homeopathic dilution to dissolving the therapeutic substance in a swimming pool.[16][17]One example, inspired by a problem found in a set of popular algebra textbooks, states that there are on the order of 1032 molecules of water in an Olympic-size swimming pool[18] and if such a pool were filled with a 15C homeopathic remedy, to have a 63% chance of consuming at least one molecule of the original substance, one would need to swallow 1% of the volume of such a pool, or roughly 25 metric tons of water.[19][20][21]
30C: 1 ml in 1,191,016 cubic light years
Yet another illustration: 1 ml of a solution which has gone through a 30C dilution is mathematically equivalent to 1 ml diluted into 1054 m3 - a cube of water measuring 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (1018) metres per side, which is about 106 light years. When spherical, then it would be a ball of 131.1 light years in diameter. Thus, homeopathic remedies of standard potencies contain, almost certainly, only water (or alcohol, as well as sugar and other nontherapeutic ingredients).Proposed explanations
Homeopaths maintain that this water retains some "essential property" of the original material, because the preparation has been shaken after each dilution.[22] Hahnemann believed that the dynamisation or shaking of the solution caused a "spirit-like" healing force to be released from within the substance. Even though the homeopathic remedies are often extremely diluted, homeopaths maintain that a healing force is retained by these homeopathic preparations.[21]Dilution debate
Not all homeopaths advocate extremely high dilutions. Many of the early homeopaths were originally doctors and generally used lower dilutions such as "3X" or "6X", rarely going beyond "12X". The split between lower and higher dilutions followed ideological lines. Those favoring low dilutions stressed pathology and a strong link to conventional medicine, while those favoring high dilutions emphasised vital force, miasms and a spiritual interpretation of disease.[23][24] Some products with both low and high dilutions continue to be sold, but like their counterparts, they have not been conclusively demonstrated to have any effect beyond the placebo effect.[25][26]See also
References-------------------------------------
http://curanderomatasanos.blogspot.com/2013/05/homoopathie-die-irrlehre.html
Potenzierung
→ Hauptartikel: Potenzieren (Homöopathie) Ein weiterer Grundsatz der Homöopathie ist die Verwendung „potenzierter“ Mittel. Unter Potenzierung ist die starke Verdünnung bei gleichzeitiger „Dynamisierung“ (Verschüttelung oder Verreibung siehe unten) zu verstehen. Die Mittel werden durch stufenweise durchgeführtes Potenzieren aus „Urtinkturen“ (pflanzlichen und tierischen Ursprungs: Symbol: Ø oder mineralischen und chemischen Ursprungs: Symbol O) und aus Verdünnungsmitteln wie Ethanol, destilliertem Wasser, Glycerin und Milchzucker hergestellt. Homöopathische Mittel werden flüssig (Dilution) oder als Globuli, in tiefen Potenzen auch in Form von Tabletten angewendet.[19]
Hahnemann führte die Potenzierung um 1798 ein.[44] Nach seinen Anweisungen wurden Homöopathika in Hunderterschritten potenziert („C-Potenzen“). Das heute gebräuchlichere Dezimalsystem zur Potenzierung und Bezeichnung der Potenzen, z. B. D10, wurde vom Heilpraktiker und späteren Arzt Arthur Lutze entwickelt und von Constantin Hering in die Behandlung eingeführt.[45][46]
Aus der Sicht der Homöopathen ist die Wirkung einer bloßen Verdünnung nicht mit der eines potenzierten, also verschüttelten oder verriebenen Mittels vergleichbar. Schon im Organon der Heilkunst (Anmerkung zu § 11) wurde die Wirkung eines potenzierten Mittels nicht der körperlichen Substanz oder physischen Wirkung eines Arzneistoffes, sondern einer immateriellen, daraus freigewordenen „spezifischen Arzneikraft“ zugeschrieben.[47] Homöopathen, die sogenannte Hochpotenzen anwenden, nehmen an, bei der Potenzierung, auch Dynamisierung genannt, werde durch die Energiezufuhr beim Verschütteln oder Verreiben eine Information an das Lösungsmittel abgegeben und bei jedem Potenzierungsschritt verstärkt, auch wenn keine Moleküle des Arzneimittels mehr in der Lösung vorhanden sind.[48][49] Es existieren keine Belege für die Existenz der postulierten immateriellen Energiezufuhr durch die rituellen mechanischen Prozeduren. Die mit dieser Methode hergestellten Lösungen unterscheiden sich nicht von einfach nur verdünnten Lösungen.[27]
Die Verdünnung unter die chemische Auflösungsgrenze (ab D23 – siehe auch Avogadro-Konstante) ist kein zwingendes Element der Homöopathie. Viele Heilpraktiker und einige Ärzte arbeiten in Deutschland auch mit den Verdünnungen 1:10.000 und 1:1.000.000 (D4 und D6), in denen die Stoffe noch in nennenswerter Konzentration vorliegen. Bei diesen nur schwach verdünnten Mitteln sind die regulären Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen des verwendeten Stoffes zu beachten und diverse Wirkungen möglich. Neben der bekanntesten D-Potenzierungsreihe (1:10) gibt es noch die C-Reihe (1:100), die M (1:1000) und die LM- oder Q-Reihe (1:50.000).
Die Fluxionspotenzierung nach Dellmour ist eine Sonderform der flüssigen Potenzierung, die ohne Verschütteln erfolgt. Durch Turbulenzen der zuzufügenden Flüssigkeit bei der Zugabe ins Potenzierungsgefäß soll das Verschütteln unnötig sein. Jedoch sei der Dynamisierungseffekt geringer, so dass sehr hohe Potenzgrade hergestellt werden müssten.[46]
Bei der K-Potenzierung nach Semjon Nikolajewitsch Korsakow, einem russischen Homöopathen, erfolgt die Potenzierung vereinfacht in nur einem Glas. Die Methode wurde zwar nicht in das Homöopathische Arzneimittelbuch (HAB) aufgenommen, dennoch stellen einige Firmen aus Zeit- und Kostengründen Hochpotenzen nach dieser Methode her.[46]
Aus Sicht einiger heutiger Homöopathen müsse man eine „Schwache Quantentheorie“ zur Erklärung der Homöopathie heranziehen.[50][51] Dabei wird das Phänomen der Verschränkung jedoch ohne klare mathematische Definition auf grundlegend verschiedene Systeme wie ein homöopathisches Mittel und Krankheitssymptome angewandt; die extrem leichte Zerstörbarkeit verschränkter Zustände wird nicht berücksichtigt.[52]
Als Versuch der Erklärung eines „Gedächtniseffekts von Wasser“ werden von einigen Homöopathen strukturelle Veränderung am Wasser als Lösungsmittel angeführt.[53] Diese Gedächtnisfunktion ist jedoch, selbst nach Ansicht von anderen Vertretern der Homöopathie, nicht mit den Kenntnissen über Wasser vereinbar.[54]
D Skala | C Skala | Verdünnung / Mischung | Bemerkungen |
---|---|---|---|
Ø/O | Ø/O | 1:1 |
|
D1 | — | 1:10 1:101 |
|
D2 | C1 | 1:100 1:102 |
|
D4 | C2 | 1:10.000 1:104 |
|
D6 | C3 | 1:1.000.000 1:106 |
|
D8 | C4 | 1:100.000.000 1:108 |
|
D24 | C12 | 1:1024 |
|
D60 | C30 | 1:1060 |
|
D1000 | C500 | 1:101.000 |
|
— | C1000 | 1:102.000 |
|
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